C Library Functions - upper (3)

NAME

upper(3f) - [M_strings:CASE] changes a string to uppercase (LICENSE:PD)

Synopsis
Description
Options
Returns
Trivia
Examples
Author
License

SYNOPSIS

elemental pure function upper(str,begin,end) result (string)

    character(*), intent(in)    :: str
    integer,optional,intent(in) :: begin,end
    character(len(str))         :: string  ! output string

DESCRIPTION

upper(string) returns a copy of the input string with all characters converted in the optionally specified range to uppercase, assuming ASCII character sets are being used. If no range is specified the entire string is converted to uppercase.

OPTIONS

str string to convert to uppercase

begin optional starting position in "str" to begin converting to uppercase

end optional ending position in "str" to stop converting to uppercase

RETURNS

upper copy of the input string with all characters converted to uppercase over optionally specified range.

TRIVIA

The terms "uppercase" and "lowercase" date back to the early days of the mechanical printing press. Individual metal alloy casts of each needed letter, or punctuation symbol, were meticulously added to a press block, by hand, before rolling out copies of a page. These metal casts were stored and organized in wooden cases. The more often needed miniscule letters were placed closer to hand, in the lower cases of the work bench. The less often needed, capitalized, majuscule letters, ended up in the harder to reach upper cases.

EXAMPLES

Sample program:

    program demo_upper
    use M_strings, only: upper
    implicit none
    character(len=:),allocatable  :: s
       s=’ ABCDEFG abcdefg ’
       write(*,*) ’mixed-case input string is ....’,s
       write(*,*) ’upper-case output string is ...’,upper(s)
       write(*,*) ’make first character uppercase  ... ’,&
       & upper(’this is a sentence.’,1,1)
       write(*,’(1x,a,*(a:,"+"))’) ’UPPER(3f) is elemental ==>’,&
       & upper(["abc","def","ghi"])
    end program demo_upper

Expected output

mixed-case input string is .... ABCDEFG abcdefg upper-case output string is ... ABCDEFG ABCDEFG make first character uppercase ... This is a sentence. UPPER(3f) is elemental ==>ABC+DEF+GHI

AUTHOR

John S. Urban

LICENSE

Public Domain

Nemo Release 3.1

upper (3)

June 29, 2025

Generated by manServer 1.08 from 63843b70-d5b1-4520-9c83-cf008f203628 using man macros.

str	string to convert to uppercase
begin	optional starting position in "str" to begin converting to uppercase
end	optional ending position in "str" to stop converting to uppercase